A Green Approach of Utilising Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca) as Adsorbent Precursor for an Anionic Dye Removal: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Analysis

Methods for removing pollutants include membrane isolation, ion exchange, precipitation, transformation, and biosorption. Adsorption is a cost-effective method of treating industrial wastewater common commercial concentrating valuable molecules or eliminating contaminants. Banana peel one the largest underutilized agricultural wastes in Malaysia. A novel using low-cost biosorbent made from banana Evans blue (EB) dye as target this study. The optimal conditions EB adsorption occurred at concentration 200 mg/L, adsorbent dosages between 10 20 g/L, temperature 25 °C, incubation time 180 min, agitation speeds 100 rpm. Statistical discriminatory analysis showed that pseudo-second-order kinetic model Redlich–Petersen isotherm were best models. maximum capacity based on Langmuir’s prediction was 58.51 mg g−1. non–linear regression thermodynamic van’t Hoff plot dimensionless equilibrium constant resulted negative values Gibb’s free energy enthalpy, indicating process spontaneous exothermic.